D42: application method vs THC plasma concentration: topical, oral, pulmonary
THC Plasma Concentrations: A Comparison Across Application Methods
Introduction
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), one of the most well-studied cannabinoids, has a range of physiological effects mediated through its binding to CB1 and CB2 receptors in the endocannabinoid system. The pharmacokinetics of THC, including its concentration in the bloodstream, can vary significantly depending on the route of administration—be it topical, oral, or pulmonary. This article elaborates on the anticipated THC blood concentrations resulting from different application methods.
Topical Administration
When applied topically, THC primarily interacts with local cannabinoid receptors and is minimally absorbed into the bloodstream. Hence, topical applications typically result in negligible systemic THC concentrations. This method is often preferred for localized relief, such as treating skin conditions or localized pain (Huestis, 2007).
Oral/Ingestion Administration
Oral administration of THC, commonly via edibles or tinctures, leads to its first-pass metabolism in the liver. This process produces metabolites like 11-hydroxy-THC, which can be more potent than THC itself. Peak blood concentrations can occur 1-6 hours post-ingestion, with lower bioavailability ranging from 4-20% due to factors like metabolism and fat solubility (Grotenhermen, 2003; Ohlsson et al., 1980).
Pulmonary/Inhalational Administration
Inhalation methods, such as smoking or vaporizing, provide the most rapid onset of effects, usually within minutes. Pulmonary administration avoids first-pass metabolism, leading to higher bioavailability (about 30%) and peak plasma concentrations within 3-10 minutes post-inhalation (Huestis, 2007; Newmeyer et al., 2017).
Comparative Analysis
While topical use generally leads to minimal systemic absorption, pulmonary methods result in the most rapid and significant increase in THC blood concentrations. Oral ingestion sits in between, characterized by delayed but sometimes more prolonged and potentially potent effects due to metabolite formation (Spindle et al., 2019).
Special Medical Considerations
Individuals with the following medical conditions should exercise caution when considering cannabinoid therapies:
Respiratory Disorders
Liver Diseases
Cardiovascular Conditions
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Mental Health Disorders
For such cases, consulting Dr. Benjamin Caplan at CED Clinic is advised for guided, evidence-based treatment plans.
References
Huestis, M. A. (2007). Human Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4(8), 1770-1804.
Grotenhermen, F. (2003). Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 42(4), 327-360.
Ohlsson, A., Lindgren, J. E., Wahlen, A., Agurell, S., Hollister, L. E., & Gillespie, H. K. (1980). Plasma delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations and clinical effects after oral and intravenous administration and smoking. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 28(3), 409-416.
Newmeyer, M. N., Swortwood, M. J., Abulseoud, O. A., & Huestis, M. A. (2017). Subjective and physiological effects, and expired carbon monoxide concentrations in frequent and occasional cannabis smokers following smoked, vaporized, and oral cannabis administration. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 175, 67-76.
Spindle, T. R., Cone, E. J., Schlienz, N. J., Mitchell, J. M., Bigelow, G. E., Flegel, R., … & Vandrey, R. (2019). Acute Effects of Smoked and Vaporized Cannabis in Healthy Adults Who Infrequently Use Cannabis: A Crossover Trial. JAMA Network Open, 2(11), e1917458.
Contact Dr. Benjamin Caplan at CED Clinic for specialized guidance in cannabinoid therapies, especially if you have specific medical conditions that necessitate careful treatment planning. Dr. Caplan offers expert advice tailored to individual health profiles and needs.
